Mushrooms of Pingualuit Crater

Mushrooms of the Pingualuit Crater Area


Pingualuit crater, in Northern Quebec

Pingualuit crater, in Northern Quebec


Fungi of the Pingualuit Crater region, Nunavik, Quebec, Canada
Collections and Photographs made in July 2008 by Lawrence Millman

In July of 2008, the government of Nunavik sponsored an environmental survey of the area around Pingualuit Crater, a 1,400,000 year old impact crater located in Pingualuit National Park in northern Quebec, Canada. In addition to writing several articles about Pingualuit Crater itself, I was asked to inventory the fungi in the vicinity of the Crater. Here are the results of that inventory.

Despite its subarctic latitude, the habitat around Pingualuit Crater resembles an arctic fell field considerably more than it resembles a botanically richer subarctic environment. As a result, lichens tend to be the dominant form of vegetation. Most rocks within 2 kilometers of the Crater have some sort of lichen species growing on them; and much of the ground cover between these rocks has been colonized by lichen, especially fruticose lichens of the Cladina genus.

Thus it’s not surprising that the most common fungi in the vicinity of the Crater have an obligate lichen association. Lichenomphalia ericetorum is a pale yellow species that grows with the small bright green lichen Botrydina vulgaris. Also associated with B. vulgaris is Omphalina luteovitellina, a more brightly yellow or orange species. Lichenomphalia hudsonii typically grows with the leaf-shaped lichen Corsicum viride.

Most of the other fungal species are mycorrhizal, which means that their mycelium has established an exchange of nutrients with the rootlets of plants. Such species include: Amanita inaurata, growing with Salix herbacea; Cortinarius vibratilis, also growing with S. herbacea; and Laccaria bicolor, growing near the airstrip and probably associated with a sedge. As an adaptation to strong winds and cold conditions, these species exhibit a more compact morphology (shorter stipes and caps hugging the ground — see photo of Russula silvicola) than the same species in less northern habitats.

One of the few species I found that neither associates with a lichen or forms a symbiotic relationship with a plant is Lycoperdon umbrinum. Frequently, this puffball grows where the vegetative substrate has been worn away by human action — i. e., in disturbed places. As it happens, I found L. umbrinum in the only equivalent to this type of habitat inside the Crater — on the section of the western slope that’s commonly used for access by scientists and Park personnel.

Since my visit to the Crater was probably a few weeks too early for optimal fungal fruitings, the species count in my inventory is relatively low. If I had made a later visit, I suspect I would have found more species in the same genera — especially more Lichenomphalia and more Cortinarius. For a particular habitat determines its particular fungi.


Amanita inaurata

Amanita inaurata

Cortinarius croceus

Cortinarius croceus



Cortinarius vibratilis

Cortinarius vibratilis

Laccaria bicolor

Laccaria bicolor



Lichenomphalia ericetorum

Lichenomphalia ericetorum

Lycoperdon umbrinum

Lycoperdon umbrinum



Omphalina luteovitellina

Omphalina luteovitellina

Russula silvicola

Russula silvicola



Species Inventory:

  • Amanita inaurata (=ceciliae)
  • Cortinarius croceus
  • Cortinarius rubellus
  • Cortinarius vibratilis
  • Laccaria bicolor
  • Lactarius hepaticus
  • Lactarius uvidus
  • Lichenomphalia (=Phytoconia) ericetorum
  • Lichenomphalia (=Phytoconia) hudsonii
  • Lichenomphalia (=Phytoconia) umbellifera
  • Lycoperdon umbrinum
  • Omphalina luteovitellina
  • Russula silvicola
  • Russula variata

You might also enjoy reading about the Fungi of Kuujjuaq.

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Why I Dropped Out of the Explorers Club

Once upon a time the Explorers Club was one of the most prestigious organizations on the planet. Its past members included such eminences as Richard Peary, Thor Heyerdahl, Charles Lindbergh, Peter Freuchen, Tenzing Norgay, and Sir Edmund Hillary. But the Club has recently gone downhill to such a degree that actual exploration is no more a part of its agenda than, for instance, frisbee throwing.

The location of the Club’s headquarters — 46 East 70th Street on New York’s Upper East Side — offers a window on its nosedive. The Upper East Side is an upscale habitat where money is the lingua franca, and its denizens (who include many of the Club’s officers) speak it as their primary language. Certain Club members have been known to suggest that the Explorers Club should be renamed The Upper East Side Club. Attempts to relocate it to somewhere else have come to naught…for the same reason that you can’t relocate Wall Street.

In the last twenty or so years, the Club has revamped itself to attract the corporate sponsors who live around the metaphoric corner. To do this, its officers can’t say, “Hey, we’ve got a guy who’s searching for Thule Period Inuit sites on Jan Mayen Land.” The corporate types would blink their eyes uncomprehendingly. But those officers can say, “Here’s a guy who’s an aerospace biochemical engineer.” In fact, a Lowell Thomas Award was recently given to one such individual.

“Remote sensing” is a phrase that nowadays has considerable appeal to the Club’s technocratically-biased higher ups. As a prank, I sponsored a putative explorer named Albert Yetti, an Abominable Snowman expert who used remotesensing to find his subject so he wouldn’t have to leave his UpperEast Side abode. Albert Yetti would have been admitted to the Club if I hadn’t confessed that I created him.

I’ve been one of many members who hasn’t been eager to dance to the corporate drummer. A Club president — a fellow who put an anaerobic tent in his office and lived in it — did not appreciate our nay-saying and threatened to drag us, he said, “kicking and screaming into the 21st century.” To my mind, this is a lot like Henry Morton Stanley’s (of Stanley & Livingston fame) positive take on slaughtering his way across Africa to rescue Emin Pasha (who did not want to be rescued). “I opened it [Africa] to the civilizing influence of commercial enterprise,” Stanley said.

In 2017, I asked the Club whether I could give a presentation on my exploration of a remote part of Hudson Bay. “But you’re not an explorer,” I was told. This is true, if Elon Musk and Jeff Bezos, both of whom have won major awards from the Club, are regarded as explorers. After all, I’ve made 40+ expeditions to the Arctic and Subarctic, but I’m not a technology entrepreneur. Indeed, I have no association whatsoever with either Tesla Motors or Amazon. I have explored a part of the Amazon, but doesn’t count…nor does the fact that I’ve been a Fellow of the Club since 1990.

“You’re not an explorer” was the proverbial final straw, and I let my membership in the Explorers Club lapse. In doing so, I was in good company, for Conrad Anker, Paul Theroux, etc, have also let their memberships lapse. I’m now planning to join the Whiskey Explorers Club, which I suspect is a much healthier organization.

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